segunda-feira, 7 de novembro de 2011

Verbs, verbs, verbs...

Verbs have traditionally been defined as words that show action or state of being.

           
            
Verbs can also sometimes be recognized by their position in a sentence.
In the following two sentence frames, only a verb can be put into the empty slot.

            NOUN __________                            THERE ________ NOUN
                            (verb)                                                        (verb) 
         
Often, prefixes and suffixes (affixes)  will signify that a word is a verb.  For example, the suffixes -ify, -ize, -ate, or -en usually signify that a word is a verb, as in typify, characterize, irrigate, and sweeten.  Prefixes such as be-, de-, or en-  may signify that a word is a verb, as in bestow, dethrone, and encourage.  
These affixes, often inconsistent from verb to verb, are called derivational affixes. Added to a word, they either change the word's part of speech

Example:

      

or change the word's meaning

Example:


The base form of a verb is derived from the verb’s infinitive:  to  +  verb

               
          
Four suffixes consistently added to a verb’s base create all forms of a verb used in all tenses:
 
1. -s          creates 3rd person singular / present tense  (He talks.)
2. -ing       creates the present participle / used with be  (He is talking.)
3. -ed        creates the simple past  (He talked.)
4. -en        creates the past participle / used with have  (He has talked.)
 
Note:
The -en verb ending used with a form of to have as an auxiliary is generally written -ed, as in has talked.
      
Unlike the derivational affixes, these inflectional suffixes are consistently used with all verbs, even though their form may look different from verb to verb.

Because many verbs in English are irregular; as result, their ed and/or –en  endings may not follow any obvious pattern.

Examples:
(to write)
Smith writes short stories at home. (-s ending)
Smith is writing short stories at home. (-ing ending)
Smith wrote short stories at home. (-ed ending)
Smith has written short stories at home. (-en ending)
*
(to buy)
Jones buys a newspaper each day.  (-s ending)
Jones is buying a newspaper today.  (-ing ending)
Jones bought a newspaper yesterday. (-ed ending)
Jones has bought newspapers every day.  (-en ending)
*
(to go)
Students go to the library often. (-s ending)
Students are going to the library often. (-ing ending)
Students went to the library often. (-ed ending)
Students have gone to the library often. (-en ending)
    
      
The majority of verbs are regular and consistently use -ed and -en to form their simple past tense and past participles. (e.g. talked, has talked)
    
Many verbs are irregular, however, and follow no consistent pattern in creating their -ed and/or -en forms.  A list of the major irregular verbs is shown below.

Present
Past (-ed form)
Past Participle (-en form)
arise
arose
arisen
ask
asked 
asked
attack
attacked
attacked
awaken
awakened OR awoke
awakened
bear
bore
borne/born
begin
began
begun
blow
blew
blown
break
broke
broken
bring
brought
brought
burst
burst
burst
choose
chose
chosen
cling
clung
clung
come
came
come
dive
dived OR dove
dived
do
did
done
drag
dragged
dragged
draw
drew
drawn
drink
drank
drunk
drive
drove
driven
drown
drowned
drowned
eat 
ate
eaten
fall
fell
fallen
fly
flew
flown
forgive
forgave
forgiven
freeze
froze
frozen
get
got
got OR gotten
give
gave
given
go 
went
gone
grow
grew
grown
hang (things)
hung
hung
hang (people)
hanged
hanged
happen
happened
happened
know
knew
known
lay
laid
laid
lead
led
led
lie
lay
lain
loosen
loosened
loosened
lose
lost
lost
pay
paid
paid
ride
rode
ridden
ring
rang
rung
rise
rose
risen
run
ran
run
see
saw
seen
set
set
set
shake
shook
shaken
shrink
shrank OR shrunk
shrunk OR shrunken
sing
sang
sung
sink
sank OR sunk
sunk
sit
sat
sat
speak
spoke
spoken
spin
spun
spun
spit
spat
spat
spring
sprang OR sprung
sprung
steal
stole
stolen
sting
stung
stung
stink
stank OR stunk
stunk
strive
strove
striven 
study
studied
studied
swear
swore
sworn
swim
swam
swum
swing
swung
swung
take
took
taken
tear
tore
torn
throw
threw
thrown
wake
woke OR waked
woken OR waked
wear
wore
worn
weave
wove
woven
wring
wrung
wrung
write
wrote
written
    
A verb phrase is defined as the main verb together with all its auxiliaries (helping verbs).
Auxiliary verbs always precede the main verb.

There are two types of auxiliary verbs:

1. Inflected auxiliary verbs:  

be
have do

2. Modal auxiliaries (considered more fully under (auxiliary verbs)

present
past no tense
will
would
must
shall
should
 
can
could
 
may   might  
    
Examples of verb phrases:

He has taken the test.
(auxiliary has  +  main verb  take.)
He is taking the test.
(auxiliary is  +  main verb  take)
He did take the test.
(auxiliary do  +  main verb take)
He has been taking the test.
(auxiliaries has been + main verb take)

Verbs may be divided into three types:

A.     Action verbs - show an action -- either physical or mental

               

B.   Verbs of being (forms of be - is, are, was, were, has/have/had been, will be) - show a state of existence:  

            
 
C.  **Linking verbs - link a subject with its complement 
            (A subjective complement "completes" / "equals" the subject.)
            Linking verbs:  appear, taste, smell, feel, look, sound, grow, seem, remain, become

 
    
        NOTE:  Most linking verbs can also be used as action verbs.
    
           

Action verbs may be either transitive or intransitive.
A.  A transitive verb is one that is followed by a direct object.

Example: 

     

B.  An intransitive verb is one that is NOT followed by a direct object.

Example:

          
Caution:  An intransitive verb may be followed by adjectives, adverbs, and/or prepositional phrases.  As long as the verb is not followed by a noun or pronoun functioning as the direct object, the verb is intransitive.

Example: 


   
          

NOTE:  Some action verbs may be either transitive or intransitive.
  Example:  (left

        
       

          Another example (read):                   
             
             
         

 

Verbs have three moods:  indicative, imperative, and subjunctive.

A. The indicative mood states a fact, asks a question, or exclaims.

          

B. The imperative mood gives a command.  The subject is always "you" understood. 
 
         

C. The subjunctive mood occurs in two instances:

1. The sentence indicates a situation contrary to fact.

         

2. The sentence

  • shows a wish, desire, or demand 
  • following verbs such as desire, demand, request, suggest

           

 From: Towson University - Towson University's Online Writing Support

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